Normal 0 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 st1\:*{behavior:url(#ieooui) } /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} WW2 Terms – Irving.
Anschluss:
- Incorporation of Austria into Greater Germany by Nazi Germany.
- Many Austrians supported the idea
- Many years of pressure from Nazi Germany to do so
- To do so was prohibited by the Treaty of Versailles and St. Germain
- Eventually happened March 12, 1938
- Stayed a part of Germany until late 1945
Aryan:
A term that generally describes people who are different in some manner; in the case of WWII, it described people with blond hair and blue eyes
August 6 1945:
An atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima by the United States to end World War two, and to avenge the bombing on Pearl Harbor. The bomb was successful in causing a Japanese surrender, and the end of the war.
Axis:
Countries opposing the Allies in WWII- Japan, Germany and Italy were part of a military alliance, but WWII ended with the destruction of the Axis.
Battle of Britain:
It was a strategic effort by the German Air Force (Luftwaffe) during the summer and autumn of 1940 to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force. 10 July to 31 October 1940. It was the first major campaign to be fought entirely by air forces. Considered Germany’s first “defeat” and turning point of WWII.
Battle of the Bulge:
- Last major attack by Nazi’s against Allies
- Occurred during 1944-1945
- Goal was to drive them into Germany and cut off supplies
- Initial attack caused a bulge in Allie’s front line- name
- Allies gained power after 2 days because Germans were low on supplies since D-Day.
- 81,000 American casualties, 100,000 German.
The Battle of Monte Cassino:
It is considered one of the worst battles of the war with around a quarter of a million casualties. It was a series of 4 battles that lasted 4 months. The goal of the Allies was to break through the German line and make it to Rome. The Allies completely decimated the town of Monte Cassino and its 1,400 year old monastery. On May 18 the Germans fled and the Allies moved in.
-
Battle of Stalingrad:
- Battle between Nazi Germany and it’s supporters, and the Soviet Union for control of the Russian city, Stalingrad.
- Between July 1942 and February 1943
- Bloodiest battle in modern history, casualties reached 2 million.
- Major turning point in war, Germany tried to fight through the Russian winter.
- Russians saw German’s weakness and went on offensive
Benito Mussolini :
- Fascist dictator in Italy from 1922-1943
- Tried to create an Italian empire
- Made alliance with Hitler
- Career over with Italian failure
- Works way into parliament
- With journalist/newspaper background, propaganda master
- When gained power, rewrote laws
- Aggressive foreign policy, joins Hitler to gain more land
- Only after Nazi’s conquer France and seem to have advantage
- When US and others join war, Germany fails, Mussolini shot by Italian partisans
- Helps loose war – go allies!
The Big Three:
General Secretary of the Communist Party Joseph Stalin, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Prime Minister Winston Churchill at the Tehran Conference, November/December 1943. Agreeing to meet in Tehran, Iran on November 28, 1943, the three leaders planned to discuss D-Day, war strategy, and defeating Japan
Black Shirts:
Inspired by Giuseppe Garibaldi's Redshirts, the Fascist Blackshirts were organized by Benito Mussolini as the military tool of his political movement.
The Blackshirts were established as the squadristi in 1919 and consisted of many disgruntled former soldiers which may have numbered 200,000 by the time of Mussolini's March on Rome from October 27 to October 29, 1922. The uniform was adopted by Benito Mussolini when, in March 1919, he established the first of the political groups known as the fasci di combattimento. These squads, whose uniforms included black shirts, broke up strikes and made other violent attacks on the opponents of fascism.
Blitzkrieg:
A military maneuver in which all mechanical force is focused on one area of the enemy's front line, they then continue on into the center of the enemy's army without regard to their flanks
Chamberlain:
Neville Chamberlain was the Prime Minister of Great Britain during 1937-1940.
He was behind the Policy of Appeasement, meaning that they would continue to concede land to Germany in the hopes that Germany would b satisfied. This policy was unsuccessful. He then began the Policy of Containment which ended with war against Germany in 1939.
Chamberlain Appeasement:
The prime minister addressed the people about the idea of another Great War.
WWI just happened and it was the war that was supposed to end all wars.
He tried to appease to the Germans to not have another war.
December 7th 1941:
Japanese bombing of American naval base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. After the bombing, America declared war on Japan. Obviously it was an important date because it was the beginning of World war two for America.
Eichmann:
- Architect of the Holocaust.
- Put in charge of sending trains to camps.
- He was hung in Israel in 1965.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt :
- Aka FDR
- President 1933-45
- During depression and WW2
- Ran with Democratic Party
- In New York politics, works his way up
- Related to Theodore Roosevelt – gives him a bit more respectability
- Suffered from polio
- Offered New Deal
- Kept US out of war until Japan bombs Pearl Harbor
- Helped recover from economic crisis
- Made US dominate and powerful again in international politics
- Decision to involve US in WW2 could have change war RADICALLY
- Some of his social policies and ideas still in tact today
Fransisco Franco:
(1892-1975), head of state of Spain. His title in Spanish was caudillo, meaning literally "leader" or "chief. He was born El Ferrol, Galicia, on Dec. 4, 1892. He became Europe’s youngest brigadier general ever. Franco was left leader of the revolt in spain on, July 17, 1936. In April 1937, Franco was named leader of the Falange (Fascist) party, which came to power soon after the fall of Madrid (March 28, 1939). The new regime outlawed all other parties. On Aug. 4, 1939, Franco consolidated his position by declaring himself chief of state, prime minister, and commander in chief. In July 1945, Franco proclaimed the Charter of Rights (Fuero de los Españoles) as the governing document of Spain. He reorganized his government in 1947, promulgating the law of succession which called Spain a monarchy with Franco acting as regent and chief of state until his death or retirement, when a council of regency would choose a successor.
The German Reichstag:
The German Nazi headquarters. It was burned by one man who was angry at the Nazis for imprisoning his brother, but the Nazis publicly blamed the Jews for the burning and used this as an addition to the reasons why the Jews should be removed. Martial Law was declared supposedly because Germany was ‘under attack’ and this helped Hitler to further consolidate his power (a dictatorship).
Goering:
Was a German politician, military leader and leader of Nazi party, and also was a designated successor of Hitler.
Himmler:
1900-1945 He oversaw death camps and concentration camps in Nazi Germany. After he was arrested he killed himself.
Hindenburg:
1937 German aircraft (blimp) that spontaneously combusted because it was filled with hydrogen, killing 35 people on board not including the people on the ground underneath the blimp
Hitler:
The ultimate dictator. He tried to get into the art school (in Vienna) but was rejected twice. Fought during WWI and won two Iron Crosses. He was imprisoned in for and during this time wrote Mein Kampf. In 1933, after a few years of involvement in German politics, he became the Chancellor of Germany. When Hindenburg (the president) died, Hitler became both President and Chancellor creating the ultimate power. A presidential decree allowed him to declare Martial Law and state Emergency powers. With his consolidated power, he began putting his ‘enemies’ in camps. He wanted to expand Germany’s territories, but also purify the German country (and everywhere else that Germany invaded). He made a mistake in invading Russia (after breaking the Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact). He was the driving force behind the entireity of WWII and because of his ideas of ‘racial purity’ he was prompted to kill millions of people.
Hungary:
- First of several treaties based on Woodrow Wilsons 14 points for peace
- Treaty made Germany give back land they conquered, including their colonies
- Restricted military, ships, and had to pay reparations
- $10 billion to Great Britain, $100 billion to France
- Germany destroyed, helpless, in economic crisis
- Because of desperation – Hitler given advantage
Invasion of Normandy:
the invasion and establishment of Allied forces in Normandy, France June 6, 1944invasion began with overnight parachute and glider landings, massive air attacks, naval bombardments, an early morning amphibious landing and during the evening the remaining elements of the parachute divisions landed. The "D-Day" forces deployed from bases along the south coast of England, the most important of these being Portsmouth. Objective of the operation was to create a lodgement that would be anchored in the city of Caen.
Joseph Goebbels:
was the Master Propagandist of the Nazi Party. When Nazism began to grow in power, Goebbels fanatically supported the Party and convinced hundreds of others to join with his zealous speeches. When Hitler was running for office, he heard of Goebbels and elected him Chief Minister of Propaganda for the Nazi Party. He became one of Hitler’s closest friends and also shared his fanatical hatred of the Jews and Communists. He was responsible for creating the giant book burnings, as well as spurring Kristallnacht. Goebbels used “The Big Lie” as the backbone of his propaganda. He believed that if you tell a lie often and loudly enough, it will be believed. With this idea, Goebbels forever changed modern propaganda.
Leningrad = Saint Petersburg
- City and federal subject of Russia
- Used by Russian politicians as propaganda
i. Called it “the cradle of the revolution”
- Soviets nationalized housing and forced many residents to share communal apartments
- Besieged by Nazi Germany à one of the longest, most destructive and most lethal sieges of major cities in modern history
- Isolated city from most of its supplies
- More than 1 million civilians killed by starvation
- City broken up by the Nazis
"Naughty Document":
A letter from Winston Churchill to Stalin concerning the redistribution of land in Europe after WWII.
The League of Nations:
was formed in 1919-1920 after WWI. The League was made up of representatives of the Allied Nations of WWI. The goal was to decide how to punish Germany and how to divide the land taken from them. The League, instead of opting for Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points plan, chose to force Germany to pay reparations for all of the damage. This severely weakened the economy of Germany, which in turn became a terrible depression. They were also responsible for redrawing the map if the world into what is primarily is today. However, the League did not do a good job with creating new countries and territories and almost every major conflict of the 20th century had stemmed from this.
Leningrad = Saint Petersburg
- City and federal subject of Russia
- Used by Russian politicians as propaganda
i. Called it “the cradle of the revolution”
- Soviets nationalized housing and forced many residents to share communal apartments
- Besieged by Nazi Germany à one of the longest, most destructive and most lethal sieges of major cities in modern history
- Isolated city from most of its supplies
- More than 1 million civilians killed by starvation
- City broken up by the Nazis
Mein Kampf :
- Novel written by Adolf Hitler
- “Bible” of Nazi party
- Means “My Struggle”
- Part auto-biography, part documentary of political ideas
- 1925 first volume, 1927 second volume
- Gave Hitler more credibility
- Symbol of his beliefs
- Made people more supportive
- Sold over 10 million copies in 16 different languages
The Nazi-Soviet Non Aggression Pact:
A pact between Germany and the Soviet Union agreeing that in the upcoming war, neither would take the other. This also included a trade agreement with the Russian providing food in exchange for machinery. The pact was signed by Hitler and Stalin. In 1941, Hitler invaded the Soviet Union through a surprise attack, breaking the pact. This changed history, because before this, all pacts were upheld very seriously, as demonstrated by the pacts and alliances causing the mayhem of WWI.
Pietro Badoglio:
He was born in Italy in 1871, and died in 1956. After the war, he entered politics as a senator. After expressing opposition to Benito Mussolini, he was exiled and became the ambassador of Brazil. Badoglio changed his political views and returned to Italy, becoming the head of the armed forces. He became governor of Libya from 1928-1933, and in 1935; he led the invasion of Ethiopia. Since he was opposed to Italy joining Germany in the war, he resigned as head of the armed forces after the defeat of the Italian Army in Greece. When Benito Mussolini was dismissed from office, the king, Victor Emmanuel III appointed Badoglio as head of the government. He declared martial law, and Mussolini was arrested. On October 13th, the Italian government declared war on Germany.
Spanish Civil War:
1936-1939. The Spanish republic was defeated by the rebels commanded under Fransisco Franco. A dictatorship was founded by Franco after the war, and because of all the tension in the aftermath of the war it partly led to world war two.
Stalingrad = Volgograd
- Battle of Stalingradà became turning point in war against Germany
i. Battle between Nazi Germany and Soviet Union
ii. Bloodiest battle in modern history
iii. Nearly 2 million dead total
iv. Germans invade soviet union and take Stalingrad
v. Important for Hitler for two reasons
1. major industrial city located o the Volga River
a. cut off transportation of goods to North Russia
2. secure left flank of the German armies as they advanced into the oil-rich Caucasus
a. strategic goal of cutting off fuel to Stalin’s war machine
Sudetenland:
- German names used in the early 20th century for western regions of Czechoslovakia.
- Named after Sudeten Mts. which border Silesia and Poland
- Becomes a part of Nazi Germany when it is given to Hitler by the British Prime Minister
- After annexation, Jews living there were persecuted
Surrender of Germany May 7, 1945:
Germany signed the document on this date ending the war. It was between April 30th and May 9th and it was significant because it ended the war
Third Reich = Nazi Germany
- Interchangeable terms for Nazi Germany used by England
- Refers o state as successor to Holy Roman Empire
- State of Germany ruled by Hitler and National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP)
Treaty of Versailles :
- Major treaty that ended WW1
- Signed at the palace of Versailles France, June 28 1919
- Signed in famed hall of mirrors – more shameful for Germany
- Countries attended: France, Japan, Italy, Britain, Germany, US, Austria-
United Nations :
- Intergovernmental organization
- Founded at the end of WW2 to maintain peace
- Influential organization, but has not prevented any military conquests (yet)
- Adopted by many nations
- Founders believed social and economic struggles lead to war
- Getting together to talk would give peace a chance
- Meets every 2 years – votes by majority
- Bridges cultural differences
- Very influential in international politics
- Could diffuse wars…has potential
- Realize WW2 was bad – something like it should never happen again
Weimar Republic:
The German democratic government from 1919-1934 formed after Germany's defeat in World War I. Its capital was located in Berlin.
September 1, 1939:
Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany and Soviet Union Start of WWII in Europe.
Yalta Conference:
- February 1954,
- Meeting between Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin, and Roosevelt
- Agreed upon forming a United Nations
